US Patent Class 382
IMAGE ANALYSIS



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Current as of: June, 1999
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  DF  CLASS NOTES
100  DF  APPLICATIONS
101  DF  .~ Mail processing
102  DF  .~.~ ZIP code
103  DF  .~ Target tracking or detecting
104  DF  .~ Vehicle or traffic control (e.g., auto, bus, or train)
105  DF  .~.~ License plate
106  DF  .~ Range or distance measuring
107  DF  .~ Motion or velocity measuring
108  DF  .~ Surface texture or roughness measuring
109  DF  .~ Seismic or geological sample measuring
110  DF  .~ Animal, plant, or food inspection
111  DF  .~ Textiles or clothing
112  DF  .~ Document or print quality inspection (e.g., newspaper, photographs, etc.)
113  DF  .~ Reading maps, graphs, drawings, or schematics
114  DF  .~ Reading aids for the visually impaired
115  DF  .~ Personnel identification (e.g., biometrics)
116  DF  .~.~ Using a combination of features (e.g., signature and fingerprint)
117  DF  .~.~ Using a characteristic of the eye
118  DF  .~.~ Using a facial characteristic
119  DF  .~.~ Using a signature
120  DF  .~.~.~ Sensing pressure together with speed or acceleration
121  DF  .~.~.~ Sensing pressure only
122  DF  .~.~.~ Sensing speed or acceleration only
123  DF  .~.~.~ Sensing geometrical properties
124  DF  .~.~ Using a fingerprint
125  DF  .~.~.~ Extracting minutia such as ridge endings and bifurcations
126  DF  .~.~.~ With a guiding mechanism for positioning finger
127  DF  .~.~.~ With a prism
128  DF  .~ Biomedical applications
129  DF  .~.~ DNA or RNA pattern reading
130  DF  .~.~ Producing difference image (e.g., angiography)
131  DF  .~.~ Tomography (e.g., CAT scanner)
132  DF  .~.~ X-ray film analysis (e.g., radiography)
133  DF  .~.~ Cell analysis, classification, or counting
134  DF  .~.~.~ Blood cells
135  DF  .~ Reading paper currency
136  DF  .~ Reading coins
137  DF  .~ Reading bank checks (e.g., documents bearing E-13B type characters)
138  DF  .~.~ Reading monetary amount
139  DF  .~.~ Reading MICR data
140  DF  .~.~.~ Including an optical imager or reader
141  DF  .~ Manufacturing or product inspection
142  DF  .~.~ Bottle inspection
143  DF  .~.~ Inspection of packaged consumer goods
144  DF  .~.~ Mask inspection (e.g., semiconductor photomask)
145  DF  .~.~ Inspection of semiconductor device or printed circuit board
146  DF  .~.~.~ Measuring external leads
147  DF  .~.~.~ Inspecting printed circuit boards
148  DF  .~.~.~ At plural magnifications or resolutions
149  DF  .~.~.~ Fault or defect detection
150  DF  .~.~.~.~ Faulty soldering
151  DF  .~.~.~ Alignment, registration, or position determination
152  DF  .~.~ Tool, workpiece, or mechanical component inspection
153  DF  .~ Robotics
154  DF  .~ 3-D or stereo imaging analysis
155  DF  LEARNING SYSTEMS
156  DF  .~ Neural networks
157  DF  .~.~ Network learning techniques (e.g., back propagation)
158  DF  .~.~ Network structures
159  DF  .~ Trainable classifiers or pattern recognizers (e.g., adaline, perceptron)
160  DF  .~.~ Generating a standard by statistical analysis
161  DF  .~.~ Alphanumerics
162  DF  COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING
163  DF  .~ Drop-out color in image (i.e., color to be removed)
164  DF  .~ Image segmentation using color
165  DF  .~ Pattern recognition or classification using color
166  DF  .~ Compression of color images
167  DF  .~ Color correction
168  DF  HISTOGRAM PROCESSING
169  DF  .~ With a gray-level transformation (e.g., uniform density transformation)
170  DF  .~ With pattern recognition or classification
171  DF  .~ For segmenting an image
172  DF  .~ For setting a threshold
173  DF  IMAGE SEGMENTATION
174  DF  .~ Using projections (i.e., shadow or profile of characters)
175  DF  .~ Separating document regions using preprinted guides or markings
176  DF  .~ Distinguishing text from other regions
177  DF  .~ Segmenting individual characters or words
178  DF  .~.~ Separating touching or overlapping characters
179  DF  .~.~ Segmenting hand-printed characters
180  DF  .~ Region labeling (e.g., page description language)
181  DF  PATTERN RECOGNITION
182  DF  .~ Limited to specially coded, human-readable characters
183  DF  .~.~ Characters formed entirely of parallel bars (e.g., CMC-7)
184  DF  .~.~ With separate timing or alignment marks
185  DF  .~ Ideographic characters (e.g., Japanese or Chinese)
186  DF  .~ Unconstrained handwriting (e.g., cursive)
187  DF  .~ On-line recognition of handwritten characters
188  DF  .~.~ Writing on ordinary surface (i.e., electronics are in pen)
189  DF  .~.~ With a display
190  DF  .~ Feature extraction
191  DF  .~.~ Multispectral features (e.g., frequency, phase)
192  DF  .~.~ Feature counting
193  DF  .~.~.~ Counting intersections of scanning lines with pattern
194  DF  .~.~.~ Counting individual pixels or pixel patterns
195  DF  .~.~ Local or regional features
196  DF  .~.~.~ Slice codes
197  DF  .~.~.~ Directional codes and vectors (e.g., Freeman chains, compasslike codes)
198  DF  .~.~.~.~ Extracted from alphanumeric characters
199  DF  .~.~.~ Pattern boundary and edge measurements
200  DF  .~.~.~.~ Measurements made on alphanumeric characters
201  DF  .~.~.~ Point features (e.g., spatial coordinate descriptors)
202  DF  .~.~.~ Linear stroke analysis (e.g., limited to straight lines)
203  DF  .~.~.~ Shape and form analysis
204  DF  .~.~.~.~ Topological properties (e.g., number of holes in a pattern, connectivity, etc.)
205  DF  .~.~.~ Local neighborhood operations (e.g., 3x3 kernel, window, or matrix operator)
206  DF  .~.~ Global features (e.g., measurements on image as a whole, such as area, projections, etc.)
207  DF  .~.~ Waveform analysis
208  DF  .~.~.~ With a tapped delay line
209  DF  .~ Template matching (e.g., specific devices that determine the best match)
210  DF  .~.~ Spatial filtering (e.g., holography)
211  DF  .~.~.~ With electrically controlled light modulator or filter
212  DF  .~.~ Nonholographic optical mask or transparency
213  DF  .~.~.~ Using both positive and negative masks or transparencies
214  DF  .~.~.~ With a display
215  DF  .~.~ Using dynamic programming or elastic templates (e.g., warping)
216  DF  .~.~ At multiple image orientations or positions
217  DF  .~.~ Electronic template
218  DF  .~.~.~ Comparator
219  DF  .~.~.~.~ Determining both similarities and differences
220  DF  .~.~.~.~ Calculating weighted similarity or difference (e.g., don't-care areas)
221  DF  .~.~.~.~ Counting difference pixels
222  DF  .~.~.~.~.~ Using an Exclusive-OR gate
223  DF  .~.~.~ Resistor matrix
224  DF  .~ Classification
225  DF  .~.~ Cluster analysis
226  DF  .~.~ Sequential decision process (e.g., decision tree structure)
227  DF  .~.~.~ With a multilevel classifier
228  DF  .~.~ Statistical decision process
229  DF  .~ Context analysis or word recognition (e.g., character string)
230  DF  .~.~ Trigrams or digrams
231  DF  .~.~ Checking spelling for recognition
232  DF  IMAGE COMPRESSION OR CODING
233  DF  .~ Including details of decompression
234  DF  .~ Parallel coding architecture
235  DF  .~ Substantial processing of image in compressed form
236  DF  .~ Interframe coding (e.g., difference or motion detection)
237  DF  .~ Gray level to binary coding
238  DF  .~ Predictive coding
239  DF  .~ Adaptive coding (i.e., changes based upon history, activity, busyness, etc.)
240  DF  .~ Pyramid, hierarchy, or tree structure
241  DF  .~ Polygonal approximation
242  DF  .~ Contour or chain coding (e.g., Bezier)
243  DF  .~ Shape, icon, or feature-based compression
244  DF  .~ Lossless compression
245  DF  .~.~ Run-length coding
246  DF  .~.~ Huffman or variable-length coding
247  DF  .~.~ Arithmetic coding
248  DF  .~ Transform coding
249  DF  .~.~ Fractal
250  DF  .~.~ Discrete cosine or sine transform
251  DF  .~ Quantization
252  DF  .~.~ Error diffusion or dispersion
253  DF  .~.~ Vector quantization
254  DF  IMAGE ENHANCEMENT OR RESTORATION
255  DF  .~ Focus measuring or adjusting (e.g., deblurring)
256  DF  .~ Object boundary expansion or contraction
257  DF  .~.~ Dilation or erosion (e.g., opening or closing)
258  DF  .~.~ Line thinning or thickening
259  DF  .~.~.~ Skeletonizing
260  DF  .~ Image filter
261  DF  .~.~ Adaptive filter
262  DF  .~.~ Median filter
263  DF  .~.~ Highpass filter (i.e., for sharpening or enhancing details)
264  DF  .~.~ Lowpass filter (i.e., for blurring or smoothing)
265  DF  .~.~ Recursive filter
266  DF  .~ Edge or contour enhancement
267  DF  .~.~ Minimize discontinuities in dot-matrix image data (i.e., connecting or merging the dots)
268  DF  .~.~ Minimize discontinuities at boundaries of image blocks (i.e., reducing blocking effects or effects of wrap-around)
269  DF  .~.~ Minimize jaggedness in edges (e.g., anti-aliasing)
270  DF  .~ Variable threshold, gain, or slice level
271  DF  .~.~ Based on the results of a count
272  DF  .~.~ Based on a local average, mean, or median
273  DF  .~.~ Based on peak levels
274  DF  .~ Intensity, brightness, contrast, or shading correction
275  DF  .~ Artifact removal or suppression (e.g., distortion correction)
276  DF  IMAGE TRANSFORMATION OR PREPROCESSING
277  DF  .~ Transforming each dimension separately
278  DF  .~ Correlation
279  DF  .~ Convolution
280  DF  .~ Fourier transform
281  DF  .~ Walsh, Hough, or Hadamard transform
282  DF  .~ Selecting a portion of an image
283  DF  .~.~ Using a mask
284  DF  .~ Combining image portions (e.g., portions of oversized documents)
285  DF  .~ Mapping 2-D image onto a 3-D surface
286  DF  .~ Measuring image properties (e.g., length, width, or area)
287  DF  .~.~ Detecting alignment marks
288  DF  .~.~ Determining center of gravity or moment
289  DF  .~.~ Determining amount an image is rotated or skewed
290  DF  .~.~.~ Where the image is a character, word, or text
291  DF  .~.~ Determining the position of an object
292  DF  .~.~.~ Where the object is a character, word, or text
293  DF  .~ Changing the image coordinates
294  DF  .~.~ Registering or aligning multiple images to one another
295  DF  .~.~ To position or translate an image
296  DF  .~.~ To rotate an image
297  DF  .~.~.~ Rotation of image is limited to 90 degrees, 180 degrees, or 270 degrees
298  DF  .~.~ To change the scale or size of an image
299  DF  .~.~.~ Raising or lowering the image resolution (e.g., subpixel accuracy)
300  DF  .~.~.~.~ Interpolation
301  DF  .~.~.~ Where the image is an alphanumeric character
302  DF  .~ Multilayered image transformations
303  DF  .~.~ Pipeline processing
304  DF  .~.~ Parallel processing
305  DF  .~ Image storage or retrieval
306  DF  .~.~ Using identification indicia on document
307  DF  .~ General purpose image processor
308  DF  .~.~ Morphological operations (i.e., local neighborhood operations)
309  DF  EDITING, ERROR CHECKING, OR CORRECTION (E.G., POSTRECOGNITION PROCESSING)
310  DF  .~ Correcting alphanumeric recognition errors
311  DF  .~ Including operator interaction
312  DF  IMAGE SENSING
313  DF  .~ Hand-held
314  DF  .~.~ Sensing mechanism in stylus
315  DF  .~.~ Sensing mechanism in platen
316  DF  .~ Curve tracer
317  DF  .~ Sensor control (e.g., OCR sheet controls copier or fax)
318  DF  .~ Multiple scanning
319  DF  .~.~ Prescanning
320  DF  .~ Magnetic
321  DF  .~ Optical (e.g., OCR)
322  DF  .~.~ Single spot
323  DF  .~.~ Single line
324  DF  .~.~ Full retina
325  DF  MISCELLANEOUS