US PATENT SUBCLASS 427 / 457
DIRECT APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, WAVE, OR PARTICULATE ENERGY

Current as of: June, 1999
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427 /   HD   COATING PROCESSES

457DIRECT APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, WAVE, OR PARTICULATE ENERGY {15}
458  DF  .~> Electrostatic charge, field, or force utilized {7}
487  DF  .~> Polymerization of coating utilizing direct application of electrical, magnetic, wave, or particulate energy (i.e., including cross-linking, curing, and hardening of organics) {8}
523  DF  .~> Ion plating or implantation {8}
532  DF  .~> Pretreatment of substrate or post-treatment of coated substrate {9}
561  DF  .~> Pretreatment of coating supply or source outside of primary deposition zone or off site {4}
569  DF  .~> Plasma (e.g., corona, glow discharge, cold plasma, etc.) {5}
580  DF  .~> Electrical discharge (e.g., arcs, sparks, etc.)
581  DF  .~> Chemical deposition from liquid contiguous with substrate via electron beam or light (e.g., photochemical liquid deposition, etc.)
582  DF  .~> Photoinitiated chemical vapor deposition (i.e., photo CVD) {2}
585  DF  .~> Chemical vapor deposition (e.g., electron beam or heating using IR, inductance, resistance, etc.) {2}
591  DF  .~> Induction or dielectric heating
592  DF  .~> Resistance heating {2}
595  DF  .~> Electromagnetic or particulate radiation utilized (e.g., IR, UV, X-ray, gamma ray, actinic, microwave, radio wave, atomic particle; i.e., alpha ray, beta ray, electron, etc.) {1}
598  DF  .~> Magnetic field or force utilized {1}
600  DF  .~> Sonic or ultrasonic {1}

DEFINITION

Classification: 427/457

DIRECT APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, WAVE, OR PARTICULATE ENERGY:

(under the class definition) Processes wherein a substrate, coated substrate or coating material is treated at any stage in a coating process with electrical, magnetic, particulate, or electromagnetic wave energy or heat produced therefrom.

(1) Note. The energy employed must be applied directly to the substrate, the coated substrate or the coating material as part of the total coating process (including pretreatment or post-treatment).

(2) Note. Where the electrical energy is not applied directly to the base or coating, but is used to generate heat energy that is transferred to the base before, during, or after the coating operation, see other subclasses of this class or other appropriate heating or heat treatment classes.

(3) Note. Utilization of radiant heat or infrared energy to vaporize the coating material in a vapor deposition process is not basis for classification in this and indented subclasses.

(4) Note. The wave energy applied to the work may be light, sonic, supersonic, ultrasonic, gamma rays, infrared rays, X-rays, etc. Particulate energy includes charged particles and atomic emissions, such as alpha rays, beta rays, and neutrons.

(5) Note. The mere sprinkling of particles is not considered coating for these and indented subclasses. There has to be some attractive or adhesive force between the base and the particles that would tend to hold said particles fixed to the base.

(6) Note. This and indented subclasses are proper for processes involving coating utilizing the combination of neutral and charged particles. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

1, 2.1+, 4, 5+, 7, 8+, and 11 for subject matter of this and indented subclasses (457+) when also meeting the subclass definitions therein.

8+, for processes wherein the electrical, magnetic, wave, or particulate energy is used for measuring, testing, or indicating.

248.1, for coating processes utilizing molecular beam, also for processes utilizing radiant heat or infrared energy to vaporize the coating material in a vapor deposition process.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS

8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,

444, for dyeing processes utilizing wave energy; and subclass 103 for bleaching processes involving the use of corona irradiation.

34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,

245+, and 266+ for processes involving the use of corona radiation.

99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus,

358, and 451 for apparatus for subjecting foods and beverages to wave, radiant, and electrical energy.

117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including inorganic or organic, and by all techniques, especially

84+, for vapor or gas phase epitaxy.

128, Surgery, for electrical or wave energy treatment of the living human body and apparatus specialized therefor.

148, Metal Treatment, for coating a metal base combined with a Class 148 treatment of the base (e.g., annealing, microstructure change, etc.) Class 427 is proper for simultaneous ion implantation and diffusion. However, inclusion of a separate step which by itself would be classifiable in Class 148 is enough to place the combination in Class 148. See

239, for ion implantation with a subsequent Class 148 treatment. If diffusion is involved in a coating operation involving metal, and the diffusion involves the microstructure of the metal (i.e., other than reactive coating operations) the original will be placed in Class 427 if the specified diffusion occurs during the coating step. However, if there is a heat treatment step independent of the coating step, which causes diffusion to affect the microstructure of the metal the original goes to Class 148.

204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,

155+, 157.15+, and 164+ for processes wherein electrical or wave energy is used to effect chemical reaction. Treating a substrate or a coated substrate by electrical discharge, electrostatic charge, field, or force, lacking a coating step of externally supplied coating material is provided for in Class 204, subclasses 164+. However, if there is a coating step present, supplying an external source of coating material (i.e., complete or in part) placement is proper in Class 427 even if there is a post treatment operation involving electrical discharge, electrostatic charge, field, or force. See subclasses 192.1+ for methods specialized for coating or forming objects within a gaseous medium by the action of cathode sputtering. Subclasses 450+ provide for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic processes, in general; and subclasses 471+ provide for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic coating or forming of an object.

205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,

80+, for electrolytic coating processes and subclasses 183+, 188+, 191+, and 198+ for processes involving plural coating steps, at least one but not all of which is electrolytic. Combinations of preparatory electrolytic processes, other than coating, with processes of coating falling within the scope of Class 427 are classified in Class 427. A patent with a claim to a coating process classifiable in Class 427 and a claim to a coating process classifiable in Class 205 will be placed as an original in Class 427 and

cross-referenced to Class 205.

219, Electric Heating,

600+, for induction, electrostatic, or electromagnetic wave energy for heating, per se, employing this energy. 239, Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing,

3, for electrostatically charging material in order to obtain a desired spray, wherein the intent is not to coat.

250, Radiant Energy, all noncoating methods and apparatus for using, generating, controlling, or detecting radiant energy, particularly

492.1+, for methods of irradiation, per se, of a material with ions.

376, Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems, and Elements,

103+, for patents directed to processes involving induced nuclear reactions and structures which implement such processes.

378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices,

28+, for xeroradiography.

399, Electrophotography,

57, for liquid control developing, subclasses 58+ for concentration control of developing material, subclasses 168+ for charging, subclasses 246+ for sprayed liquid developing, subclass 248 for immersion, and subclasses 265+ for application of dry developing.

422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, especially

22+, for processes of disinfecting, deodorizing, preserving, or sterilizing nonfoods; and subclasses 129+, especially subclass 185 for apparatus using corona discharge or radiation for effecting chemical reactions. 430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof,

31+, for coating processes involving electric or magnetic imagery (e.g. xerography, etc.).

438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, for methods of making a semiconductor device or coating a semiconductor substrate.

445, Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device

Manufacturing,

10, 14, for coating electric lamps or electric space discharge devices wherein a combined process is intended to perform multiple processes are classified here (445), when one of the operations is specifically provided for in this class (445).

505, Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process, for making or coating superconductors or superconductor material.

522, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, for processes of preparing or treating a synthetic resin or natural rubber involving a chemical reaction brought about by the application of wave energy.