US PATENT SUBCLASS 400 / 1
INCLUDING JUSTIFICATION OR QUADDING OF PRINT-LINE

Current as of: June, 1999
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400 /   HD   TYPEWRITING MACHINES

1INCLUDING JUSTIFICATION OR QUADDING OF PRINT-LINE {6}
2  DF  .~> Including quadding of print-line
3  DF  .~> By programmed-control-system {1}
8  DF  .~> By using "no-print" device
9  DF  .~> By interword or intercharacter spacing {3}
14  DF  .~> By typing line on stretchable medium
15  DF  .~> Including justification indicator

DEFINITION

Classification: 400/1

INCLUDING JUSTIFICATION OR QUADDING OF PRINT-LINE:

(under the class definition) Subject matter wherein more than one print-line* of character* symbols is imprinted on a record-medium* to form a page* of text, and wherein significance is attributed to the typing operation known as "justification" as that term is discussed and defined in (1) Note below, or significance is attributed to the typing operation known as "quadding" as that term is discussed and defined in (2) Note below, either operation modifying the print-lines of a page of text.

(1) Note. When typing in a language that is read from left to right, a typist can predetermine the left margin (i.e., the distance from the left edge of the record-medium to the

first character of the print-line). The right margin (i.e., the distance from the right edge of the record-medium to the last character of the print-line) is subject to chance and depends on the number of character symbols and word* groups in the print-line; therefore, the right margin will usually not be even. "Justification" corrects the uneven right margin by expanding or contracting the print-line as necessary to make all the print-lines of uniform length. Justification is usually accomplished by typing a rough draft to form a print-line that ends within a "justification zone" and then retyping with the addition or subtraction of "unit" spaces to or from the character-space* or word-space* distances on the print-line. The characters and spaces in a print-line may be stored in a justification circuit which may include a "memory" and circuitry to modify the memory by the addition or subtraction of unit spaces described above to expand or contract the print-line. Justification may also be accomplished by typing on a stretchable record-medium as described in subclass 14 below.

(2) Note. The term "quadding" is derived from the printing and type setting arts, where the word "quad" refers to a piece of metal that is of less height than a type-face* and is used to form a blank space in the printed line. By introducing quads in sufficient numbers and appropriate positions, a printed line could be printed as "quad right" (i.e., the last character of successively printed lines uniformly spaced from the right edge of a page) or printed as "quad left" (i.e., the first character of successively printed lines uniformly spaced from the left edge of a page) or printed as "quad center" (i.e., the first and the last character of the same printed line equally spaced from the left and the right edge of the page, respectively). A similar appearance of text and successively imprinted print-lines can be accomplished on a typewriter by quadding to control the location of the first or the last character (or both of said characters) of a print-line. In addition, the quadded print-lines may also be expanded or contracted in an operation similar to justification [described in (1) Note above], so that the text that has been subjected to a quadding operation will also appear to be justified.