This class takes the characters of processes set forth below, the products of such processes where not more specifically provided for, and in the specified instances, compositions used in the processes. (Also see References to Other Classes, below.)
This is the generic class for processes of and compositions for dyeing materials of any kind (subclasses 400-696), including specific treatments peculiarly related to dyeing, such as mordanting, weighting, color protecting, etc. In subclasses 400-696 the main line subclass title indicates whether the particular subclass and its indents are limited to processes, compositions, etc., or combinations of such. In instances where subject matter proper for subclasses 400-696 is combined with subject matter proper for other main classes, unless contraindicated elsewhere, if the dye steps are followed by subject matter proper for another main class the combination is classified in the other class and cross-referenced here. Dyeing steps following or simultaneous with steps proper for other classes are generally classified here.
This is the generic class for processes of and compositions for treating hides, skins, feathers and animal tissues with
chemicals and fluids (see References to This Class, below).
This is the generic class for processes of bleaching materials of any kind (see References to This Class, below).
This is the generic class for processes of and compositions for improving felting properties of textile fibers, hair, fur, feathers, etc., e.g., carroting (see References to This Class, below).
This is the generic class for the chemical modification of textiles and organic fibers and takes compositions for this purpose when not more specifically provided for elsewhere e.g., parchmentizing and mercerizing compositions (see References to This Class, below).
This is also the class for special types of processes for treating textiles and fibers with fluids even though the fluids do not chemically modify the textiles and fibers, namely: (a) plasticizing or swelling of artificial fibers whether or not combined with stretching; (b) fiber protecting during treatments provided for in this class; (c) color protecting during treatments provided for in this class); (d) cleaning and laundering (see References to This Class, below).
Manipulative processes for the treatment of textile fibers of fabrics, hides, skins and leather with chemicals and fluids for a purpose provided for in this class which are of general applicability are placed in this class, even though limited by claim terminology to a particular treatment, e.g., dyeing, bleaching, tanning, etc.(see References to This Class, below). This class has no apparatus, per se, but where a process or product, classifiable in this class, is claimed along with claims to apparatus, the patent is placed in this class (8) and cross referenced to the appropriate apparatus class.
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES
For coloring of plastic materials by incorporation of coloring matter in solution or plastic composition before shaping, see the appropriate classes, e.g., Class 106; Class 252; Class 260; etc.
The printing compositions employed in this class are basically distinguished from the printing inks of Class 106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, in that the latter are intended essentially for coating the surface of a material in patterns or designs, while in this class the coloration is produced by imbibition and absorption by or combination with the fibers of the material. Class 106 usually involves an insoluble pigment suspended in an oleaginous vehicle, while here a soluble dye in an aqueous paste is usually involved.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
94.1+, for processes of and compositions for treating hides, skins, feathers and animal tissues with chemicals and fluids.
101.1+, for processes of bleaching materials of any kind.
112, for processes of and compositions for improving felting properties of textile fibers, hair, fur, feathers, etc.
114, -130, for the chemical modification of textiles and organic fibers.
130.1+, for plasticizing or swelling of artificial fibers whether or not combined with stretching. 133, fiber protecting during treatments provided for in this class.
134, for color protecting during treatments provided for in this class.
137+, for cleaning and laundering.
147+, for manipulative processes for the treatment of textile fibers of fabrics, hides, skins and leather with chemicals and fluids.
REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, for apparatus in general for drying or contacting solids with vapors or gases; and see Class 26, Textiles: Cloth Finishing, subclass(es) 81, 92 or 106 for the combination therewith of means for expanding (e.g., stretching, spreading) running length webs of cloth.
44, Fuel and and Related Compositions,
59, for coloring of fuel oil.
68, Textiles: Fluid Treating Apparatus, for apparatus for treating textiles with fluids and dyes.
69, Leather Manufactures, for fur and leather working apparatus. 100, Presses, appropriate subclasses for apparatus not elsewhere provided for, for subjecting material to compressive force by causing solid surfaces to approach one another, by forcing the material through a constriction, or by tightening a flexible member about the material
100, Presses,
2+, and 35+ for processes not elsewhere provided for, for subjecting material to compressive force by causing solid surfaces to approach one another, by forcing the material through a constriction, or by tightening a flexible member about the material.
106, Composition: Coating or Plastic, for the coloring of coating or plastic compositions in general, e.g., for the coloring of lacquers and varnishes or cellulose solutions prior to extrusion.
118, Coating Apparatus, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus for coating textiles.
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, for apparatus for treating solids with liquids.
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, which is the generic class for such subject matter, and see the SEARCH CLASS note in the class definition of Class 134 for the line with this class (8).
148, Metal Treatment, for producing a reactive coating on solid metal utilizing an organic dyestuff.
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, particularly
6, 7, 64 to 67, 70+, 126, 134, and 162 for process of dyeing, bleaching or chemically purifying fibers, fibrous pulps (as distinguished from strands or continuous filaments) and undried waterlaid fibrous webs. Processes of dyeing or bleaching, which as disclosed or claimed, may be applied either to a fabric, strand, etc., (classifiable in Class 8), or a pulp or web (classifiable in Class 162) are classified in Class 8.
223, Apparel Apparatus, for apparel making apparatus.
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses for dyestuffs which are new carbon compounds even though they have claimed utility as a dye. Patents containing claims to a material dyed therewith are in Class 260, except where the dyeing process is also claimed, in which case, the patent belongs in this class (8). 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,
20, 73-78, and 245 for coloring or shading or employment of
colored materials when combined with a significant shaping or molding operation within the class definition. Note particularly subclass 78 pertaining to dyeing or incorporating of dye susceptible materials.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, for apparatus for performing Chemical reactions.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, for dyed composition, process of dyeing and dyed material all limited to an edible.
427, Coating Processes, for the application of a colored solidifiable coating to a surface. Class 427 takes the subcombination of coating of a dyed article, except where the coating is a mordant or fixing agent, a weighting agent for a textile or is reacted with a textile base to chemically modify the same. Class 8 takes the combined processes of dyeing and coating in any sequence other than mere recital of dyeing with no disclosure of how the dyeing is carried out, in the specification, nor dye materials used.
427, Coating Processes, for generic processes of coating or impregnating materials including textiles, leather, paper, etc. For a more detailed line between 427 and this class, see the reference to Class 8 in the class definition of Class 427.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, for a single or plural layer web, sheet strand or fiber product, as defined therein, which may be coated or impregnated, but in which the coating or impregnant is other than a bleach, dye, chemical modifier or treatment material as provided for in this class (8).
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, appropriate subclasses for dyeing steps combined with radiation imaging steps in any sequence.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
4+, for measuring or testing processes involving micro-organisms, cells, or tissues which may include the staining of the micro-organisms, cells, or tissues for observation purposes.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, appropriate subclasses for dyestuffs which are new carbon containing synthetic resins even though they have claimed utility as a dye. Patents containing claims to a novel dye and claims to a material dyed therewith are in Class 520, except where the dyeing process is also claimed, in which case, the patent belongs in this class (8). See Class 523, 1+, for the coloring of a synthetic resin or natural rubber composition.
GLOSSARY:
ACID DYE
A dye containing organic acid groups, e.g., sulfonic, sulfamic, phosphoric, carboxylic, etc., or their salts. Acid dyes are commonly sodium salts of organic acids applied in an acid bath and used to dye wool, polyamide and silk. Acid dyes have the ability to be substantive to substrates with basic groups.
BASIC DYE
A basic or cationic dye will dye substrates having acidic properties, e.g., polyacrylonitrile, acid modified polyester, etc. They include diphenylmethane, triphenylmethane, xanthene, naphtroperinone, quinophthalone, quaternary ammonium group, etc., containing dyes.
CREPE
Crepe is a general classification of fabrics characterized by a broad range of crinkled or grained surface effects.
CROSS-LINKER DYE ADDITIVE
A cross-linker dye additive is a compound added to assist in dyeing which reacts chemically with both the dye and substrate, other than due to chelate formation.
DIRECT DYE Direct dyes, also known as substantive dyes, are generally sulfonated azo compounds very similar to acid dyes in constitution, good for dyeing cellulose fibers or protein fibers.
DISAZO
Disazo for the purpose of this class is define d as a compound containing two or more azo (-N=N-) groups.
DISPERSE DYE
Disperse dyes are water-insoluble, neutral dyes applied to the substrate from a fine aqueous suspension, which were originally developed for use in dyeing of cellulose acetate and polyester materials.
DYE ADDITIVE
A dye additive or assistant is defined to be any material added to a dye to help in dyeing and is not basically a part of the dye itself.
DYEING
Is employed in this classification in its understood and accepted meaning in the art, that is to say, it denotes imparting a substantially permanent color to organic fibrous or filamentous material or other porous material by the use of substances, or preparations possessing tincorial properties and which are not dependent for their ability to become fixed to the base solely upon the presence of an adhesive of bindive vehicle or ingredient, as distinguished from the application of an insoluble pigment suspended in a bindive vehicle, e.g., paint or any colored coating composition where the coloring agent does not actually color the base.
FUGITIVE TINTING
Denotes the application of a temporary or easily removable coloration to a material for identification or like purpose. HETERO ATOM
The hetero atoms are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium.
HETERO RING
A hetero ring is a ring which contains only carbon and hetero atoms.
METHINE GROUP
Methine group refers to -CH=.
MORDANT DYE
Mordant dyes are dyes which require a mordant in their application and which upon combination with the mordant deposit insoluble color on the substrate, e.g., dyes with metal chelating groups.
MORDANTS
Are substances of organic or inorganic origin which combine with the coloring matter and are used to fix the same in the production of the color. For the purpose of this class, such materials as oils and sulfonated oils, soaps, fats and higher acids, are not generally considered as mordants, but as coming within the scope of "assistants" in dyeing.
OXIDATION DYE
Oxidation dyes are dyes which produce a color by oxidation on the substrate of compounds such as arylamino, hydrxyaryl, or similar compounds to produce, e.g., aniline black or diphenyl black. Nitroaniline dyes are included. REACTIVE DYE
A reactive dye reacts chemically with a substrate having reactive -H atoms thereon, e.g., ester or ether formation with cellulose.
SOLVENT DYE
A solvent dye is a dye which si soluble in an organic solvent and is commonly introduced in the form of a solution in an organic solvent.
SULFUR DYE
Sulfur dyes contain sulfur linkages within their molecules which are produced by sulfurization, i.e., heating of organic compounds with sulfur or alkali polysulfides.
SUBSTRATE
The term substrate is used here to refer to the base material being dyed.
TEXTILE MATERIAL
As employed in this classification is limited to organic fibrous and filamentous materials, and mixed materials including same as a definite component part thereof and not in the popular sense to include all materials, e.g., it does not include asbestos and glass fibers adapted to be felted, woven or knitted not glass fiber fabric. In the dyeing subclasses (400-696) paper has been grouped with the textile materials.
VAT DYE Vat dyes are dyes which are applied to the substrate in reduced, soluble form and then oxidize to the original insoluble pigment. Common vat dyes are quinonic dyes and particularly common are anthraquinones and indigoids.