Class 408 is the residual locus of methods and machines for penetrating material, without substantial reshaping flow of such material, by means of a solid tool that turns about an axis, and moves relative to a workpiece, along that axis during operation.
(1) Note. The phrase "without substantial reshaping flow of such material" is intended to cover the noncutting deformation of material by forcing a tool into or through said material, which method or apparatus is provided for in the class for Metal Deforming (see References to Other Classes, below).
(2) Note. Class 408 is intended to ultimately include all cutting as defined above; however, not all classes have now been screened for such art. Included among such classes likely to include patents proper for Class 408 and not yet screened are Classes 82, 142, 409, and 451.
SCOPE OF THE CLASS
Class 408 is an elemental or basis class. That is, its subject matter is restricted (so far as possible) to means for, or steps of, accomplishing the following functions; cutting something (the "work"); or cutting, and handling the work to be cut; or cutting and handling the product of the cutting operation.
REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS
7, Compound Tools, for a hand supported implement including a portion for performing an operation of this class (408) and including a portion for performing a noncutting operation. 12, Boot and Shoe Making, for means or methods particular to the cutting of footgear.
29, Metal Working, for (1) a step of our machine for performing a cutting operation combined with or convertible to a step of or machine for performing a noncutting material treatment; (2) a cutting tool or tool-assembly physically limited to use with rotating work; or (3) a cutting tool or tool-assembly for use alternatively; (a) during rotary plus axial motion relative to the work, (b). during rotary plus radial motion relative to the work, or (c) during rotary plus lateral motion relative to the work.
30, Cutlery, for a cutting structure that is (1) operator supported, (2) work supported, (3) randomly manipulated, or (4) randomly manipulated and combined with a work-support wherein the cutter moves in a manner other than rotary and axial relative to the work during operation. This class (408) is superior to Class 30; therefore, a tool alternatively
usable in the structure of either class will be found in this class.
33, Geometrical Instruments, for a device for cutting work to measure physical characteristics of that work, and for a geometrical instrument to be used with a tool of this class.
60, Power Plants, for a prime mover to be used to drive a tool, in the absence of any work-contacting structure other than the tool or of frame structure of particular utility to support a tool.
65, Glass Manufacturing, for the shaping of green ceramic material combined with cutting, in a single or a plurality of operations.
69, Leather Manufactures, for means or methods including cutting, particular to making leather articles.
72, Metal Deforming, for deforming combined with the cutting of metal.
73, Measuring and Testing, for a measuring device to be used with a cutting tool of this class.
74, Machine Element or Mechanism, for structure for causing one machine element to move relative to another and thereby to cause a tool to move, in the absence of any work-contacting structure other than the tool or of frame structure of particular utility to support a tool.
76, Metal Tools and Implements, Making, for cutting in the manufacture of a tool. 79, Button Making, for the manufacture of a button by (1) an operation other than cutting by a rotating, axially moving tool; or, (2) a plurality of steps, one of which is material treatment other than cutting and another of which is cutting.
81, Tools, for a torque applying, hand-held device of general utility; including a device wherein one utility is to transmit torque to a rotary, axially advancing cutting tool.
82, Turning, for the cutting of rotating material, other than wood, by a tool engaging that material in a way affected by such rotation; and for the cutting of nonrotating material by a tool having a single cutting edge, wherein the operation is on generally circular cross-section material and wherein the tool turns about the axis of the material and has additional motion other than along that axis, so that the cutting is similar to the action of a nonrotating tool acting on rotating material.
83, Cutting, for all cutting not provided for elsewhere.
91, Motors: Expansible Chamber Type, for a motor of that
class to be used to drive a tool, in the absence of any work-contacting structure other than the tool or of frame structure of particular utility to support a tool.
101, Printing, for a printing operation combined with cutting by a rotating, axially moving tool.
111, Planting, for cutting into the earth by a rotating, axially moving tool combined with means for depositing on object into the bore.
123, Internal-Combustion Engines, for an engine of that class to be used to drive a tool, in the absence of any work-contacting structure other than the tool or of frame structure of particular utility to support a tool.
125, Stone Working, for a step of or machine for cutting stone if the operation is other than by use of a rotating, axially moving cutter.
128, Surgery, for cutting operations particular to an operation on a live animal body.
137, Fluid Handling, for an operation of that class, combined with cutting in the manner of this class (408), except when the fluid handling is ancillary to the cutting operation. 140, Wireworking, for cutting of wire combined with other wireworking.
142, Wood Turning, for the cutting of rotating wood material by a tool engaging that material in a way affected by such rotation; and for the cutting of nonrotating wood material by a tool having a single cutting edge wherein the operation is on generally circular cross-section material and wherein the tool turns about the axis of the material and has additional motion other than along that axis, so that the cutting is similar to the action of a nonrotating tool acting on rotating material.
144, Woodworking, for cutting combined noncutting treatment of wood; and, for cutting of particular utility of wood, except for cutting of wood by a rotating axially moving tool.
147, Coopering, for machines which are used exclusively in the manufacture of wooden barrels, fruit boxes, baskets, or crates.
157, Wheelwright Machines, for structure for performing a noncutting material treatment combined with a cutting operation in the making of a wheel.
173, Tool Driving or Impacting, for structure for moving a tool about an axis and toward a workpiece to effect cutting, in the absence of any work-contacting structure other than the tool or of frame structure of particular utility to
support a tool.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, for cutting by a rotating axially moving tool particular to cutting into the earth.
185, Motors: Spring, Weight, or Animal Powered, for a motor of that class to be used to drive a tool, in the absence of any work-contacting structure other than the tool or of frame structure of particular utility to support a tool.
225, Severing by Tearing or Breaking, for the application of tensile forces to a workpiece to cause that workpiece to be divided combined with cutting by a rotating, axially moving tool.
234, Selective Cutting (e.g., Punching), for a cutting device which includes a plurality of cutting tool pairs (including cutting structure of this class (408) type) and an actuating power train for each pair (one power train may be common to all), so that power may be delivered to any or all pairs for any cutting cycle, and wherein each and all of the tool pairs assembled in the machine are constantly available to be chosen for cutting or noncutting (in any desired number, from one to the total number available) by (1) a pattern, (2) combinational coding means, or (3) means not a part of the tool actuating power train and which does not partake of all the movements of either tool or the pair; which pattern or means conditions each pair so chosen to (a) enable or (b) prevent a cutting operation thereby when its driving power train is actuated.
248, Supports, for structure for supporting a machine, if the supporting structure is of general utility. 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, for flame cutting apparatus; and
271, of that class for drilling or cutting the tap-hole plug of a metallurgical furnace.
269, Work Holders, for structure to be used to sustain material during a material treatment operation, such as cutting by a rotating axially moving tool, provided there is no tool-supporting structure, tool-guiding structure, tool-couple-element, or structure otherwise recognizing the tool of a machine for cutting.
279, Chucks or Sockets, for structure for the general utility of holding a tool.
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, for processes, machines or tools for boring or penetrating into the earth to recover valuable cuttings from a borehole in desirable size or shape.
401, Coating Implements With Material Supply, for a coating
implement combined with a cutting device (e.g., a pencil with a pencil sharpener).
409, Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing, for cutting by a rotating tool that moves either laterally or radially of the tool-axis relative to the material during the cutting operation; especially
306, for the rifling of a gun barrel.
414, Material or Article Handling, appropriate subclasses for bringing work to or taking product from an unspecified cutting machine, generally; and
222.01+, for apparatus for charging a load holding or supporting element from a source, and means for transporting the element to a working, treating, or inspecting station.
433, Dentistry, 75+, for drill guides; subclasses 103+ for machines; and subclass 165 for tool bits specifically adapted for dental operations.
451, Abrading, for abrading involving a tool composed of crystalline, material-removing particles, generally. The combination of a Class 408 cutter with a Class 451 abrading device is to be found in Class 408,
22+,. Note that cutting by a rotating tool that moves axially with respect to a workpiece is included in the definition of Class 408, even if the tool is an abrading tool, but that Class 451 has not been screened for such structure.
470, Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus, for the manufacture of an article of that class by (1) an operation other than cutting by a rotating, axially moving tool; or (2) a plurality of steps, one of which is a material treatment other than cutting and another of which is cutting.
483, Tool Changing, generally for a process or apparatus including a tool transfer means combined with either a tool support or storage means, particularly
30+, for a tool transfer means which bodily transfers tools to or from a rotary spindle machine tool.
GLOSSARY:
Terms in the definition of this class followed by an asterisk (*) will be found to be defined in this section. Certain very frequently appearing terms such as Work, Tool, Product and Tool Axis are accompanied by the asterisk only where the exact meaning of the term is deemed particularly important.
CUTTING EDGE
A marginal portion of a tool comprising a line or point on the surface of the tool formed by the intersection of a plurality of planar surfaces, specifically adapted to perform a cutting function.
INFEED The relative movement of the tool and work along the tool-axis* during the cutting operation. (Compare work-infeed* and tool-infeed*).
MACHINE-FRAME
Structure relative to which a tool moves during operation, which structure is of particular utility due to its physical configuration for supporting the weight of a tool or for counteracting the thrust of the tool, wherein the tool to be supported or the force of which is to be counteracted is adapted to perform an operation of this class type.
PRODUCT
Material which has been treated by the cutting tool; the result of a cutting operation. (Note: Material which is "product" for one cutting operation may be "work" for an ensuing operation).
TOOL
The instrumentality that contacts the work for effecting directly the operation of the class, either by itself or by cooperation with another tool.
TOOL-CYCLE
The elapsed time between and all of the motions traced by the tool between the time the tool leaves any particular datum point in its approach to (or recession from) the work until it again leaves that point in its next succeeding approach to (or recession from) the work, the location of such datum point for a series of recurring cycles being determined without giving significance to mere positioning movements of the tool with respect to the work. (Note: Positioning movements of the tool are considered to be part of the cycle of motions constituting the tool-cycle, and the time they occupy is part of the span of the cycle. They are disregarded only for the purpose of establishing the datum point of one cycle with respect to that of a preceding or succeeding cycle).
TOOL-INFEED
the motion of a tool relative to work and relative to the base of the cutting machine along the tool-axis toward the work during the cutting operation. TOOL-SUPPORT
An element connected to the tool for supporting it against gravity and that partakes of all the movement of the tool and has no relative movement with respect to the tool except for purpose of adjustment.
TOOL-AXIS
The longitudinal center about which the cutting tool of this class rotates relative to the work and relative to the machine-frame structure during the cutting operation.
WORK (n)
Article, material, or stuff to be treated (cut). (Compare "product").
WORK-INFEED
The motion of work relative to the tool and relative to the base of the cutting machine along the tool-axis toward the tool during the cutting operation.