A. This is the generic class for antennas for the transmission of radio wave energy through the natural media (i.e., air, earth, water, etc.) for point-to-point communication or for the reception of such transmitted radio wave energy.
B. In this class are apparatus and systems which constitute part of an antenna transmission or reception apparatus or system and which are limited to use in connection with the transmission and reception of radio wave energy, e.g., electromagnetic horns and arrays.
C. Exclusions:
1. This class excludes noncommunication applications involving radio waves, such as resiation by radio waves for therapeutic purposes or for measuring and testing a physical parameter where no communications or signaling is involved.
2. Also excluded from this class are systems, such as detector and receiver systems, oscillation generator systems, modulator systems, amplifier systems, which are used as component parts of radio wave energy transmission or reception systems but which are of more general utility.
3. This class also excludes communication by electromagnetic waves other than radio waves (e.g., by partial rays, compressional waves, etc.). Communication restricted to rays or visible light, heat, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, cathode rays, ions, gamma rays, and beta rays, as well as inductive coupling are excluded from this class.
See References to Other Classes, below.
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES
TELEDYNAMICS OTHER THAN SIGNALING: See Class Definition, C, above for the radio wave energy systems for controlling apparatus and mechanism other than indicating or measuring instruments which are included in
this class. See subclass 7 of this class and the search notes thereto for the miscellaneous systems for controlling apparatus other than indicating and measuring instruments which are classified in this class. See the classes specified under "SEARCH CLASS" below for a reference to some of the other classes which provide for radiant energy controlled devices and apparatus.
COMMUNICATIONS:
Many classes provide for devices, apparatus and systems useful in communicating information. For example, one class provides for means for displaying information by printed or painted cards, calendars, pictures, labels, tags and signs. Another class provides for recording systems and recorders, etc. Class 343 is primarily concerned with the information conveyed by means of radio wave energy signals and with radio wave energy teledynamics. Also see References with Other Classes below.
SIGNALING:
For the relationship of Class 343 to the signaling classes, see the classes referencing this section in References to Other Classes, below.
MEASURING AND TESTING:
This class includes some patents for measuring, detecting, and/or utilizing radio wave energy. The detection of objects, or the use of radio wave energy to measure distance, direction, and/or velocity of an object is included in this class when the only measurement is of the amplitude of the radio wave energy, or of the direction in which the energy is transmitted or the direction from which the energy is received, or where the duration of time the energy is being propagated is measured, or where only the detection of radio wave energy is involved. This class also includes the measurement of the amplitude or intensity of the radiated radio wave energy where the measurement is performed by detecting and measuring the energy. Antennas combined with structure for measuring the magnitude of the signal energy flowing in, to, or from the antenna, a significant relationship existing between the antenna and the measuring structure, are classified in subclass 703 of this class.
For other measuring and testing, see References to Other Classes, below.
REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS
40, Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting, for means for displaying information by printed or painted cards, calendars, pictures, labels, tags and signs,
47, Plant Husbandry,
1.3, for methods and apparatus for culture of plants by means of electricity, including radiating electrical energy.
73, Measuring and Testing, is the generic class for measuring and testing methods and apparatus. The search notes to the class definition of Class 73 should be consulted for other classes which provide for measuring and testing processes and apparatus.
570+, for miscellaneous apparatus for testing devices by means of vibratory forces (e.g., certain types of compressional waves), see indented subclasses 584+ where sound waves are used. Class 73 provides for measuring and testing methods and apparatus which involve a radiant energy test and a nonelectrical test. Class 136, Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, subclasses 200+ for thermoelectric generators, particularly subclasses 213+ for radiation (e.g., infrared) promoters. (see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
89, Ordnance,
1, and 41 for apparatus designed to control and/or move a gun for aiming it towards a target, including such apparatus where radiant energy is utilized and subclass 1.5 for radiant energy actuated or controlled devices for releasing bombs, flares, etc.., from aircraft.
91, Motors: Expansible Chamber Type, appropriate subclasses for expansible chamber motors controlled by radiant energy.
102, Ammunition and Explosives,
384, for drop bombs with direction controlling means, including those controlled by radiant energy, subclasses 416+ and the subclasses specified in the notes thereto for explosive mines adapted to be fixed automatically, for firing device of the mine being actuated by electrical, magnetic, wave or radiant energy, and the ignitors, per se, for such mines; and subclass 214 for fuses, primers and igniting devices for explosives which involve the utilization of electrical, magnetic, wave, or radiant energy in their operation.
116, Signals and Indicators, is the generic class of mechanical (nonelectrical) signaling;
137, is the generic subclass for mechanical sonic and supersonic generators for wave transmission; see subclasses 18+ for code signaling, including helios:graphic signaling. The signal in Class 116 may be of any type that appeals to any one or more of the senses, such as a bell, horn, whistle, semaphore, light shutter, explosive device or flag. The classes specified in the class definition of class 116 should be searched for other nonelectrical signaling systems. See the notes to Class 116 for the distinction between Class 116 and the electrical classes. Class 116 includes code signaling, including helios:graphic signaling. Class 116, subclass 27 provides for apparatus for the mechanical production and reception of sound vibrations transmitter through bodies of water (submarine signaling). (See Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling" above )
136, Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Measuring and Testing, above.
137, Fluid Handling, appropriate subclasses for fluid flow control systems including radiant energy systems for valve actuation.
178, Telegraphy, includes in many of the subclasses patents where the sole disclosure is of a radiant energy telegraph system, but the claims are not limited to radiant energy transmission of the signals; see especially
19, for handwriting and drawing transmission systems, subclass 22 for secrecy systems, subclass 43 for space induction systems, subclasses 50+ for multiplex systems, and subclasses 58+ for duplex systems, subclasses 66.1+ for miscellaneous systems using alternating current (including high frequency current) to transmit the signal (note that many of the patents in Class 178, subclass 66.1 are closely analogous to the patents in Class 375, subclasses 259+), and subclasses 371+ for miscellaneous telegraph receivers. Also see the appropriate subclasses in Class 178 for telegraph apparatus useful either in radio or wire telegraphy, for example, subclasses 118+, for receivers and subclasses 101+ for keys. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling" above)
181, Acoustics, is the generic class for inventions in sound wave radiation, transmission or reception and instruments specific thereto; see
18, 22, for speaking tubes, subclasses 126+, for anatomic or prosthetic relation, and subclasses 177+, for megaphones. See the notes to Class 116 for other acoustical signaling systems. (see Lines With Other Classes"Signaling" above),
181, Acoustics,
101+, for mechanical means for geophysical exploration, subclasses 123+, for mechanical sound echo systems and subclass 125 for mechanical sound locating devices for determining the direction from which a sound proceeds. (see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
191, Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles,
10, for systems for transferring energy from a roadway or other place to a movable vehicle by means of electromagnetic induction. 194, Check-Controlled Apparatus, appropriate subclasses, provides for coin controlled radios. (see Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling", above.)
219, Electric Heating,
553, provides for infrared ray generating apparatus.
244, Aeronautics,
3.1, for control means for missiles and subclass 77 for systems for automatically controlling aircraft by means of electrical apparatus and radiant energy. Subclass 77 is the generic subclass for the automatic control of the steering of mobile craft in two or three dimensions where electrical means are utilized. See the search notes to subclass 77 in Class 244 for the other classes which provide for radiant energy controlled steering and for a statement as to the lines between the classes.
246, Railway Switches and Signals, Note that class 246 contains a number of subclasses relating to "inductive" control or actuation, i.e., where an inductive connection rather than a physical contact being made.
8, provides for inductive telegraphy or telephony in train dispatching systems, subclass 63 for block signal systems having cab signal or train of the inductive type, subclass 194 for train control of the inductive type for controlling the train mechanism. Subclass 4, for train dispatching systems having a train carried signal or train control mechanism, the system including radiant energy control, subclasses 29+ for block signaling systems in which traffic control devices are controlled by radiant energy, see indented subclass 30 where radio energy is used, and subclass 189 for radiant energy control systems for controlling the engineer's brake valve on a train. (see Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
250, Radiant Energy,
200, 239 are the generic subclasses for photosensitive systems which are responsive to visible light and for apparatus used with photocells, subclass 250 provides for radio and microwave wavemeters for measuring the length or frequency of radio or microwaves, subclasses 281+ provides for methods and apparatus for the ionic separation and or analysis of material on the basic of the mass to electric change of ionic particles of the material being separated or analyzed, subclasses 306+ provides for methods and apparatus of inspecting solid or liquid material by charge particles, and subclasses 336.1+ provides for generic methods and apparatus for utilizing invisible ray energy, such as, cathode rays, ultraviolet rays, the radiations and emanations or radio-active substances, for measuring and detecting purposes; and subclasses 492.1+ is the generic place for
methods and apparatus utilizing invisible ray energy, such as ultraviolet and infrared rays. (also see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
250, Radiant Energy, contains patents for signaling by means of radiant energy; see appropriate subclasses for the generic transmission or reception of energy propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves of subatomic, atomic or molecular particles. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
251, Valves and Valve Actuation, 129+, for electrical valve actuation.
307, Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems,
117, for switching systems controlled by radiant energy.
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, appropriate subclasses, provides for the structure of electronic tubes.
314, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Consumable Electrodes,
63, for arc lamps and other similar consumable electrode discharge devices where the feeding of the electrode is controlled by radiant energy, usually light or radiant heat.
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,
34, provides for radio tubes and other electronic tubes which have an antennae within the envelope of the tube or otherwise structurally combined with the tube. (see Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Signaling, above. Class 315 provides in
1+, for circuits for energizing cathode-ray tubes, subclass 10 for radiant energy controlled cathode-ray tube circuits, subclasses 32+, for electronic tubes which have a circuit element, such as a switch, inductance, etc.., built into and structurally combined with the electronic tube structure, and in subclasses 32 to 363 for systems where a gas or vapor tube or an electric lamp is energized by or controlled by radiant energy, including radio waves, see subclasses 149+ for radiant energy controlled electric lamp and gas or vapor type electric space discharge device systems.
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems,
16, for electric motor systems where the motor is controlled or supplied by space transmitted electromagnetic or electrostatic energy (including radio energy), subclass 460 for electric motor systems controlled by sound or supersonic vibrations, subclass 480 for electric motor systems controlled by radiant energy (e.g., light).
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, is the generic class for methods and apparatus for testing to determine electrical properties by electrical means;
323+, especially subclasses 332+ and 344+ provide for ore detection determination by electrical means, including the use of radio waves, except such methods and apparatus which involve the use of reflected or otherwise returned radio waves, the excepted subject matter being in this class (343), subclasses 5+. Class 324 provides for electrical testing methods and apparatus which include a test by means of radio waves and another electrical test. (see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
327, Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, appropriate subclasses for miscellaneous circuits supplying current or potential to active devices such as an electron tube or circuits controlling the current or potential utilizing an active device such as an electron tube.
329, Demodulators, appropriate subclasses, for various types of demodulators for extracting the intelligence modulated on a high frequency wave.
330, Amplifiers, appropriate subclasses, for the various types of amplifier systems.
331, Oscillators, appropriate subclasses, for electric oscillation generators having utility in the radiant energy communication systems of Class 343.
332, Modulators, appropriate subclasses, for modulators, per se. (see Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, provides for wave transmission lines or networks, which may be used for communication purposes wherein the wave energy is guided or constrained by a wave propagating medium of appreciable electrical length with respect to the wave length of the propagated energy. For example,
1+, provides for plural channel systems and subclasses 236+ provides for single channel long lines having distributed electrical parameters, such as parallel conductors, wave guides, and shielded lines. This class also contains systems and networks useful in communication with radiant energy. See particularly subclasses 101+ for branched circuits with switching, subclasses 109+ for directional couplers, subclasses 117+ for hybrid type networks, subclass 13 for resonator type breakdown discharge systems, e.g., T-R or R-T systems, subclass 22 for dissipating terminations for long lines, subclasses 24+ for coupling networks including filters, equalizers, delay networks, and impedance matching
networks, and subclass 81 for attenuators. (see Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
334, Tuners, appropriate subclasses for tuner networks adapted for use in radiant energy systems. 340, Communications: Electrical, is the generic class for electric signaling. See
384.1+, for electrically operated audible signals such as bells and whistles. (see Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
342, Communications: Radio Waves Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), appropriate subclasses for whole radio wave systems and devices, or radio wave system or device components other than antennas. See the "SEARCH CLASS" references in Class 342 for the lines between radio wave communication and the subject matter of other classes. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
326+, for computer operator interface processing and subclasses 418+ for computer s:graphics processing.
346, Recorders, for recording systems and recorders, etc..
348, Television, appropriate subclasses for television systems whether the signals are transmitted by radiant energy or otherwise. (see Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, provides for measuring instruments and processes involving reflection, refraction, chromatic effects and other optical properties of light and materials, that is, for devices which utilize visible light and optical principles for the measurement of angles, distances, chromatic effects and the intensity of light, flaw analysis, and fiducial instruments not provided for elsewhere; see
3+, provides for range and height finders which utilize visible light, subclasses 27+ for velocity or velocity and height measuring apparatus, subclass 29 for the measurement of relative velocity of a remote object by means of apparatus having an optical element or a reticle, and subclasses 138+ for the measuring of angles or axial alignment by means of visible light. See subclasses 372+ and 388+ for the mensuration or configuration analysis of areas, volumes or linear measurements of articles or indefinite length materials or the measurement of distance traveled by a scale or optical grid displaced relative to a remote fiducial mark. Search subclasses 43+ optical pyrometers for the determination of the temperature of bodies or the temperature of light radiation for photos:graphic purposes by means of
relative intensity of radiation, color, or incandescence comparison and subclasses 213+ for apparatus to measure the intensity of light generally. (see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
358, Facsimile, appropriate subclasses facsimile systems whether the signals are transmitted by radiant energy or otherwise. (see Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, 173+, for photocell controlled relay and electromagnet circuits.
362, Illumination, appropriate subclasses for radiant energy controlled illuminating devices, see especially
276,.
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems,
130+, for generic data processing control systems; subclass 300 for programming methods or procedures; subclasses 400+ for particular application of data processing systems or calculating computers; subclasses 550+ for data processing systems or calculating computers utilized to effect a measuring, testing, or monitoring operation of an external device or quantity, particularly subclasses 570+ for specific operations performed (e.g., noise reduction, filtering).
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, is the residual class for electroacoustic wave signalling devices. (see Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling", above).
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, appropriate subclass for means to transmit and receive sonic or supersonic waves. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, provides for apparatus for detecting objects and/or determining their distance and/or direction which are provided with means to transmit and receive sonic or supersonic waves, the sonic or supersonic waves being either generated or received by electrical means. See
87+, for echo systems, subclasses 118+ for distance or direction finding, and subclasses 131+ for underwater systems. Note that the acoustics class has similar apparatus. (see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
369, Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval,
6+, for a combined radio and phonography systems. (see Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above). 374, Thermal Measuring and Testing,
122, is drawn to determining the temperature of a body by use of a microwave arrangement to measure the thermal radiation emitted by the body. (see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, appropriate subclass for apparatus for the transmission or reception of pulses into or from free space, per se. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices,
44+, 51+, and 70+ for X-ray systems used for testing. (see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
382, Image Analysis, appropriate subclass for pattern recognition or image processing.
395, Information Processing System Organization,
80+, for data processing of robot control systems.
431, Combustion,
79, for a fuel burner controlled by a photoelectric type sensor.
434, Education, Demonstration, and Cryptography,
239+, for devices for instructing or training in the characteristics or operation of navigational aids, such as radio beacons, blind landing systems, direction finders, etc.; subclasses 1+ for devices for instructing or training in characteristics or operation of object detecting systems, such as radar or sonar systems; and subclass 222 for patents relating to instruction in the art of signaling, including instruction in the operation of radio transmitters and receivers. 455, Telecommunications, for analog modulated carrier wave and light wave communications.
150+, for high temperature (Tc > 30 K) superconducting devices, and particularly subclass 201 for antennas.
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location,
200+, for the application of a computer in the area of navigation, particularly subclasses 207+ for position
determining equipment, and subclasses 300+ for determining the relative location between two points. (see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
704, Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation and Audio Compression/Decompression,
200+, for artificial intelligence systems that process speech signals.
706, Data Processing: Intelligent Processing Systems and Methods, various subclasses for artificial intelligence systems that represent, apply, and acquire knowledge.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and Calculating,
1+, for hybrid computers; subclasses 100+ for digital calculating computers; and subclasses 800+ for analog computers.
GLOSSARY:ACTIVE ELEMENT
An element or network whose energy output is modified due to the presence of a source of energy in the element or network (other than the mere signal energy which passes through the network) or an element or network in which the energy output from a source of energy is controlled by the signal input.
ANTENNA ARRAY
A plurality of active antennas coupled to a common source or load to produce a directive radiation pattern. Usually the spatial relationship also contributes to the directivity of the antenna.
ANTENNA COMPONENT
A portion of the antenna performing a distinct function and limited for use in an antenna, as for example, a reflector, director or active antenna.
ANTENNA COUNTERPOISE
Structure of conductive material most closely associated with ground but insulated from or capacitively coupled to the natural ground, and aiding in the function of the natural ground, particularly where variations or limitations of the characteristics of the natural ground interfere with its proper function, and such structure being connected to the terminal of the signal receiver or source opposing the active antenna terminal.
ANTENNA COUPLING NETWORK
A passive network (which may be resistive, inductive or capacitive or any combination thereof) for transmitting the signal energy between the active antenna and a source or receiver of such signal energy.
ANTENNA GROUNDING STRUCTURE Ground, or structure most closely associated with or simulating ground which is connected to the terminal of the signal receiver or source opposing the active antenna terminal, (i.e., the signal receiver or source is interposed between the active antenna and this structure), for establishing a reference potential level for operating the active antenna.
ANTENNA INHERENT REACTANCE
This includes not only the distributed reactance of the active antenna but also the natural reactance due to its location and surroundings, as for example, the capacity relation inherent in the position of the active antenna relative to ground.
ANTENNA LEAD-IN
A conductive means (transmission line, feed line) for conveying the signal energy between the active antenna and the signal source or receiver, and extending directly from the active antenna towards the source or receiver.
ANTENNA SHIELD
A conductive or low reluctance structure, such as a wire, plate or grid which is adapted to be placed in the vicinity of an active antenna to reduce, as by dissipation through a resistance or by conduction to ground, undesired electromagnetic radiation, or electric or magnetic fields, which are directed toward the active antenna from an external source or which emanate from the active antenna.
ANTENNA TUNING
Adjusting an inductance or capacity combined with the active antenna but distinct and separate therefrom, the inductance or capacity providing a reactance which combines with the inherent reactance of the active antenna to establish a resonance in a circuit including the active antenna, this resonance being at a frequency other than the natural electrical resonant frequency of the active antenna, adjustment of the inductance or capacity changing this resonance; or adjusting the length of an electrically long linear antenna to alter the electrical resonance of the antenna.
COMMUNICATION
The conveying or transferring of information; specifically a
system, as radio, telephone, telegraph for conveying or transferring information. For a general statement of the classes which include communication devices, apparatus and systems, see section V below. DIRECTOR
A conductive (usually metallic) structure (e.g., a rod) which reradiates into free space impinging electromagnetic radiation (waves) coming from or going to the active antenna, the velocity of the reradiated wave having a component in the direction of velocity of the impinging wave, thereby to modify the radiation pattern of the active antenna, there being no significant potential relationship between the active antenna and the conductive structure.
DISTANCE
The space between two points, which may be immediately juxtaposed or widely spaced.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POLARIZATION FILTER
Structure which acts directly on the electromagnetic wave to filter out wave energy of an undesired polarization and to pass wave energy of a desired polarization.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE REFRACTOR
Structure which is shaped or positioned to delay or accelerate transmitted electromagnetic waves, passing through such structure, an amount which varies over the wave front, to alter the direction of propagation of the waves emitted from the structure with respect to the waves impinging on the structure, or to bring the wave to a focus, or to alter the wave front (such as to convert a spherical wave front to a planar wave front or vice versa).
FREE SPACE
Space where the movement of energy in any direction is substantially unimpeded, such as interplanetary space, the atmosphere, the ocean and other large bodies of water or the earth.
LOADED ANTENNA
An active antenna having an elongated portion of appreciable electrical length and having additional inductance or capacity directly in series or shunt with the elongated portion so as to modify the standing wave pattern existing along the portion or to change the effective electrical length of the portion. MESSAGE
A signal used to convey intelligence, such as telegraph
signals or telephone signals (e.g., speech). Message is used in more limited sense than signal for the purpose of classification in this class in that signal includes the transmission of control impulses for operation mechanism other than mere signal reproducers.
ORIENTING
Changing the direction of the antenna beam.
PARASITIC ELEMENT
A conductive (usually metallic) structure (e.g., rod) which reradiates into free space impinging electromagnetic radiation (waves) coming from or going to the active antenna, the velocity of the reradiated wave having a component which is in the same direction (director) as, or in the opposite direction (reflector) to, that of the velocity of the impinging wave.
RADIANT ENERGY
The energy (partially kinetic, partially potential) associated with waves produced in free space by a space by a source of energy, as light waves, electromagnetic radiations (including radio wave), neutron and similar radiation, subsonic, supersonic and sonic waves.
RADIATE
The emanation of energy into free space.
RADIO OR HERTZ WAVE An electromagnetic wave whose frequency spectrum extends over a range from somewhat above the frequency of audible sound waves to somewhat below the frequency of heat and light waves. Values of 10 kilocyles and 30,000 megacyles have been given as the lower an upper limits of the range for radio waves, although values exist beyond these limits. Radio waves as here defined exclude compressional waves, light waves, heat waves, infrared waves, ultraviolet waves, X-rays, cathode rays, gamma rays, and ion beams. The radio waves are produced by oscillations of electric change in an antenna.
REFLECTOR
A conductive structure, usually metallic (e.g., screen, rod or plate) which reradiates back into free space impinging electromagnetic radiation (waves) coming from or going to the active antenna, the velocity of the returned wave having a component in a direction opposite to the direction of velocity of the impinging wave, thereby to modify the radiation of the active antenna, there being no significant potential relationship between the active antenna and the conductive structure.
RESTRICTED SPACE
A space or medium which tends to confine the energy within specified boundaries along a predetermined path, as wave guides, hollow resonators, conductive wires.
SCANNING
Repeatedly moving the antenna beam over an area in space.
SIGNAL
Control impulse, wave energy, intelligence or message conveyed, such as a sign, noise indication agreed upon, understood and used to convey intelligence at a distance.
SWEEPING
Moving the antenna beam repeatedly along a single line (which may be straight or curved) in space. TELEGRAPHY
The transmission to a distance of signals, unlimited with respect to the extent of the message communicated, by the utilization of energy, the elements of the message being selected or composed at will according to a prearranged code.
TELEPHONY
The conversion of spoken or sound waves into energy which is transmitted a distance and reconverted into sound waves for reproduction of the speech or sounds.