US PATENT CLASS 338
Class Notes
Current as of: June, 1999
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DEFINITION
Classification: 338/
GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE CLASS SUBJECT MATTER:
A. This class includes electrical resistors as above defined
with solid, granular, or liquid resistance elements. These resistors may be either fixed or variable in resistance value, examples of the latter being rheostats and potentiometers. Semiconductors are included if limited by claimed subject matter to resistance properties, such as exists in photoconductive and thermistor type resistors. Excluded are conductors and insulators, which while including a resistive characteristic have other predominating characteristics.
B. Included also are resistors with perfecting structure not elsewhere classified such as resistors whose resistance value is temperature compensated, or resistors mounted on wheels or on a vehicle, resistors with heat dissipating projections, or with cooling gas or liquid circulation, or with heat storing, or with inductance or capacity reducing, or with electrical shields, or with a cleaner or a setting indicator in a mechanically variable resistor, or with a casing or housing, or with protecting structure spaced from the element, or with mounting or supporting means.
C. Included also are resistors combined with or incorporated in other structure not elsewhere classifiable, such as resistors with certain diverse nonelectrical devices, for example, mechanical or chemical; or resistors in, on, or with certain electrical devices such as a lamp socket or lamp base, or an electric switch, or a coaxial line or wave guide, or a detachable electrical connector.
D. Included also are resistors constructed as by shape or from material to change their resistance value particularly well in response to a particular condition or change in a particular condition such as current and/or voltage, as for example nonlinear and negative resistors; or ambient temperature; or a magnetic field; or gas, vapor, or moisture; or resistors of the strain gauge or photoconductive type. Included also are resistors usually of the mechanically variable type together with a condition sensing actuator which changes the mechanical adjustment of the resistor in response to a condition or a change in condition. Examples of such actuators are a magnetic compass, a float, a piston, a Bourdon tube, a bellows or capsule, a diaphragm, a gravity stabilized or inertia type actuator, or a force sensing actuator.
E. Subcombinations and components of resistors not otherwise classifiable, such as resistance element cores and frames, resistance elements of particular shape or dimensions, and movable contact structures for variable resistors.
LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES
Certain devices, at least quasi-resistive in character, are not classified here. Electric space discharge devices which may exhibit a resistance characteristic between terminals are classified elsewhere. Numerous different types of active solid-state devices, e.g., semiconductor, devices or components whose electrical resistance varies nonlinearly due to the movement of charge carriers - electrons or holes - which undergo energy level changes within the material (as contrasted with the passive or pure resistors found in Class 338) are classified elsewhere. Negative resistors of the active element type are classified elsewhere. Resistors specific to telephone use, including those of the microphone, its electrodes, and granules are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
(1) PLURAL RESISTORS AS DEFINED IN THE CLASS DEFINITION
Two or more mechanically or electrically related resistors are classified here as a residual home. For plural photoconductive resistors; plural separate diverse resistors; plural mechanically adjustable resistors; plural incased, embedded, or housed resistors; and for plural supported resistors see Subclass References to the Current Class, below. Regulation systems including a plurality of resistors are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
(2) RESISTORS COMBINED WITH OR INCORPORATED IN OTHER DEVICES:
As stated in the Class Definition, E, above, this class includes resistors combined with or incorporated in other structure when not elsewhere classifiable. For resistors with a restricted type of heat reflector; for a resistor with a diverse nonelectrical device, e.g., mechanical or chemical; for resistors in or on a lamp socket or base; for a resistor with a switch; for a resistor in a coaxial line or wave guide; and for a resistor in a detachable electrical connector see Subclass References to the Current Class, below.
The combination of the resistor with or in other structure is very common. A partial list of the classes and subclasses including this combination is given in References To Other Classes, below, referenced to this section.
(3) RESISTANCE COMPONENTS AND SUBCOMBINATIONS:
As stated in the Class Definition, E, above, this class includes subcombinations and components of resistors not otherwise classifiable. For contact structure adapted to move along the length of a resistance element in a mechanically variable resistor and making an electrical connection with the element; resistance element cores and frames; and for resistance elements and bases of particular configuration and/or dimension see Subclass References to the Current Class, below. In References to Other Classes, below, see the references to this section for the classification of the more common subject matter which may constitute a part or subcombination or a resistor.
(4) DEVICES SIMULATING RESISTORS:
Dissipating terminations for long lines; artificial lines; negative resistance networks of the active element type; and for resonators of the distributed parameter type are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
(5) METHODS OF AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING RESISTORS: This class does not provide for methods of making resistors. This subject matter is classified elsewhere, (A) when involving a metal working process; or (B) when involving a metal working process combined with a nonmetal working process, if not otherwise classifiable; or (C) when the process is not otherwise classifiable. See References to Other Classes, below, for a field of search for methods of making resistors. Apparatus for assembling electrical resistors are classified elsewhere. Methods and apparatus for making a resistor coil which is a composite of a core and a winding thereabout are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
(6) MEASURING AND TESTING RESISTORS:
This class does not provide for either methods of or apparatus for measuring and testing resistors. If the measuring or testing involves determining the resistance or conductivity of the resistor, classification is elsewhere. If the measuring or testing is of a mechanical nature or not otherwise classified, classification is elsewhere. See elsewhere for a field of search for measuring and testing. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
(7) ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE HEATERS:
Resistors classified in Class 338 in performing their current impeding function produce heat, as do the resistance heaters classified in Class 219, Electric Heating. In the resistors classified in Class 338 the heat produced is incidental or undesired; or is utilized internally only to modify in some manner, as in a thermistor, the temperature of the resistor to in turn modify the current impeding characteristic of the resistor. In the resistance heaters classified in Class 219 the heat produced is put to some external use as opposed to mere dissipation or internal heating of the resistance element. Thus, in general, the resistance heaters in Class 219 include significant structure, shape or arrangement to produce and convert the heat to a useful purpose, as to direct or distribute the heat in a particular manner. The following paragraphs cover the more common situations arising between these two classes.
(A) The mere designation of the claimed structure as a heater or heater element, such a toaster or a blanket, or the broad recitation in the claim of intended use or adaption for heating purposes or for use with structure to be heated is not sufficient for classification in Class 219.
(B) The recitation of the device to be heated in combination with the heating resistor is classified in Class 219 rather than in Class 338. Likewise classification is in Class 219 when the resistor is shaped or otherwise adapted to conform to the structure to be heated to facilitate the transfer of heat to this structure, such shape or adaption not having general utility.
(C) The combination of a resistor and a casing of good heat conducting material is classified in Class 338. For classification in Class 219 as indicated above the heating resistor with its casing must be adapted as by shape to transfer, distribute, or direct the heat in a particular manner or pattern.
(D) Resistors whose elements are formed as fabrics or pads are classified in Class 338. However, if the fabric or pad is shaped or dimensioned to constitute a particular heating device, such as an article of clothing or a blanket classification is in Class 219. Mere fabrics including metal of resistance material, as when the resistance terminals are not claimed is classified elsewhere.
(E) The combination of a resistor and structure to facilitate the external heating effect of the resistor, such as a reflector, is classified in Class 219. Likewise Class 219 includes those resistors which are shaped to produce a desired heating effect or distribution. Resistors including reflectors which direct heat on the resistance element are classified herein (see Subclass References to the Current Class, below).
(F) A few structures such as liquid resistance heaters and liquid cooled resistors, may be considered either resistance heaters for Class 219 or resistors for Class 338. These structures are classified in accordance with the recited use and background. (8) RESISTANCE FURNACES:
Electric furnaces combined with the heating resistors, as a resistor with the furnace wall; or includes resistors which are formed to constitute at least part of a furnace, as being hollow to form a muffle or being recessed to form a crucible; or includes resistors which are peculiar to an electric furnace, as having the shape of the furnace, such shape having no significance elsewhere are classified elsewhere.
(9) RESISTORS FORMED BY COATING OR LAMINATING:
Processes of forming electrical products when formed by a coating process, per se, and when formed by a laminating step, per se, are classified elsewhere. A plurality of layers of laminated or coated material, one layer being a resistance element and the other layer or layers being terminals, no particular structure being recited, but usually
only particular materials, are classified elsewhere, even though the terminals and resistance elements are claimed by such names. See this class (338) for a resistor whose element is coated on a base and for resistors with terminals coated on, together with significant resistance structure such as a particular shape. (See Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.)
(10) CONDUITS, CABLES, AND CONDUCTORS WITH RESISTIVE MATERIAL:
Conduits, cables, and conductors where the conducting part is a resistor or a helical resistor are classified elsewhere. Such claimed terms as resistance, resistance element, helical resistance, coil resistance, or a terminal at one end of a sheathed resistor do not preclude classification elsewhere. However, when the conducting element in such conduits, cables, or conductors is recited as being of a material which is essentially resistive such as iron, classification is in Class 338. Likewise when significant resistance structure or configuration such as the resistor having a zigzag pattern, or being wound on a core is recited, classification is in Class 338. Conduits, cables or conductors with a nominally resistive or helically resistive element together with end structure and cables whose conducting elements are nominally resistive or helically resistive are classified elsewhere. The claimed combination of a resistor broadly with end structure or terminals at each end is classified in Class 338.
(11) ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS WITH RESISTIVE CONDUCTORS:
The combination of an electrical connector and lead conductor, the lead conductor being nominally claimed as being resistive, is classified elsewhere. If the lead conductor is recited as being of significant resistor structure or material, such as a zigzag shape or of iron material, classification is in Class 338. The combination of a nominally recited resistive conductor with an electrical connector at each end is classified in this class (338). The inclusion of additional connectors cooperable with the connector or connectors on the resistance element does not preclude classification in Class 338. (See Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.)
(12) SEMICONDUCTORS:
Semiconductors are classified in Class 338 if possessing only resistance characteristics. Such semiconductors may be photoconductive or may be of the thermistor type (see Subclass References to the Current Class, below). However, if the semiconductor has other more comprehensive characteristics, classification is elsewhere. Numerous different types of active solid-state devices, e.g., semiconductor, devices or components whose electrical resistance varies nonlinearly due to the movement of charge
carriers - electrons or holes - which undergo energy level changes within the material (as contrasted with the passive or pure resistors found in Class 338) elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.) (13) MEASURING AND TESTING DEVICES WITH VARIABLE RESISTORS:
This Class 338 provides generally for resistors which are shaped or chemically constituted to change their resistance value in response to a condition or change in condition, or for mechanically variable resistors combined with a condition sensing actuator. However, when additional structure is claimed for indicating the change in resistance value as a meter for measuring the current passing through the resistance element, or a Wheatstone bridge arrangement including the resistance element as one of the arms, the combination is classified as a measuring or testing device. Distance measuring devices and gauges, namely, a condition responsive resistor and an indicating device or circuit are classified elsewhere; moisture content and stress and strain measuring devices, dynamometers, liquid level or depth gauges, hygrometers, and fluid pressure gauges including this combination are classified elsewhere; a thermometer including this combination is classified elsewhere; and time and/or speed measuring devices including this combination are classified elsewhere. See References to Other Classes, below. See also the reference to Class 338 in References to Other Classes in the Class Definitions of Class 73.
(14) RESISTANCE COMPONENTS AND SUBCOMBINATIONS:
This class (338) provides for resistance components and subcombinations which are not otherwise classifiable. This class (338) includes resistance cores or frames including a base usually of insulating material on which a resistance element may be wound or otherwise strung. As between this class (338) and the insulators of special application in other classes, this class (338) includes insulators which are constituent parts of the resistor as to have a resistance element wound or strung thereon. However, an insulator for supporting a resistance wire at one point thereon, this wire being strung in space in the manner of an aerial conductor is not classified here, but elsewhere. Resistive cable supports and brackets are classified elsewhere.
Boxes and housings which may constitute resistor housings which are limited by claimed structure to electrical use and not otherwise classifiable are classified elsewhere.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
2+, and 13+, for resistors which are shaped or chemically constituted to change their resistance value in response to a condition or change in condition, or for mechanically variable resistors combined with a condition sensing actuator.
11, for resistors with a restricted type of heat reflector and for resistors including reflectors which direct heat on the resistance element.
13+, for subcombinations of devices and gauges, no indicator being claimed; but only claiming the resistor responsive to a condition or with a condition sensing actuator.
15+, for photoconductive semiconductors.
17, for plural photoconductive resistors. 22+, for thermistor type semiconductors.
48, for plural separate diverse resistors.
67, for a resistor with a diverse nonelectrical device, e.g., mechanical or chemical.
70+, and 219, for resistors in or on a lamp socket or base.
76, and 128+ for plural mechanically adjustable resistors.
200+, and 215, for a resistor with a switch.
202, for contact structure adapted to move along the length of a resistance element in a mechanically variable resistor and making an electrical connection with the element.
215, for resistance elements and bases of particular configuration and/or dimension.
216, for a resistor in a coaxial line or wave guide.
220, for a resistor in a detachable electrical connector.
235, 239, and 260+ for plural incased, embedded, or housed resistors.
308+, for a resistor whose element is coated on a base. 309, and 327, for resistors with terminals coated on, together with significant resistance structure such as a particular shape.
319, and 320 for plural supported resistors.
321, for resistance element cores and frames.
321, for resistance cores or frames including a base usually of insulating material on which a resistance element may be wound or otherwise strung.
322+, for the claimed combination of a resistor broadly with end structure or terminals at each end.
322+, for combination of a nominally recited resistive
conductor with an electrical connector at each end.
REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS
29, Metal Working,
610.1+, for methods of making resistors (A) when involving a metal working process; or (B) when involving a metal working process combined with a nonmetal working process, if not otherwise classifiable; or (C) when the process is not otherwise classifiable; subclasses 729+ for apparatus for assembling electrical resistor. See the search notes under subclass 610.1+. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (5), "Methods Of and Apparatus for Making Resistors," above.)
33, Geometrical Instruments, for geometrical instruments which may use an electrical resistor, especially 125+, for distance determining devices; subclasses 174+, for limit gauges; and subclasses 204+, for direction indicators. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (6), "Measuring and Testing Devices With Variable Resistors," above.)
33, Geometrical Instruments, especially
125+, and 174+ for distance measuring devices and gauges which may include a resistor. See this class (338) for subcombinations of such devices and gauges, no indicator being claimed; but only claiming the resistor responsive to a condition or with a condition sensing actuator. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices" and (13), "Measuring and Testing Devices With Variable Resistors.")
73, Measuring and Testing, for measuring and testing devices generally, especially
29, for moisture content or vapor pressure gas analysis; subclasses 308 and 453, for float actuated electrical indicators; subclasses 763+ for an electrical stress or strain measuring system; subclasses 862.38+, for push or pull measuring dynamometers; subclass 301, for hydrostatic pressure electrically controlled indicators; subclass 304, for liquid level or depth gauge of the immersible electrode type; subclass 313, for a float actuated electrical controlled indicator; subclass 336.5, for hygrometers with electrical circuits; and subclasses 717+, 723+, and 753+, for fluid pressure gauges of the current generating or modifying type. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (6), "Measuring and Testing Resistors," and (7), "Electrical Resistance Heaters," above.)
73, Measuring and Testing, especially
29, 73+, 301, 304, 308, 313, 336.5, 453, 719, 725, 734, 746, 750, 763+, and 862.391, for measuring and and testing devices such as stress and strain measuring devices, dynamometers, liquid level or depth gauges, hygrometers, and fluid pressure gauges, all of which may include an electrical resistor. See subclasses 2+ and 13+ in this class (338) for subcombinations of such devices, no indicator or circuit arrangement being claimed; but only claiming the resistor responsive to a condition or with a condition sensing actuator. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices," and (13), "Measuring and Testing Devices With Variable Resistors.")
73, Measuring and Testing, for measuring or testing of a mechanical nature or not otherwise classified. See also the search notes in this Class 73 for a field of search for measuring and testing. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (6), "Measuring And Testing Resistors.")
74, Machine Element or Mechanism,
10+, for shaft operators of the radio tuner type analogous to variable electrical resistors of the shaft operated type.
105, Railway Rolling Stock, 61, for electric railway cars including a controlling resistor.
123, Internal-Combustion Engines,
148, for high tension ignition circuits for internal combustion engines which may include a resistor.
136, Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric,
89, for primary batteries of the photoelectric type.
137, Fluid Handling, especially
227+, for tire stem inflation means with a gauge or indicator; and subclasses 786 and 793+ for expansible chamber fluid handling devices of the bellows or capsule type.
139, Textiles: Weaving,
425, for woven fabrics including metal which may be resistive.
139, Textiles: Weaving,
425, for fabrics including resistive metal. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (3), "Resistance Components And Subcombinations")
139, Textiles: Weaving,
425, for mere fabrics including metal of resistance material, as when the resistance terminals are not claimed. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (7), "Electrical Resistance Heaters," (D), above.
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,
47+, for making and/or joining of electrical conductors of indefinite length.
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, for processes of forming electrical products formed by a laminating step, per se. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (9) "Resistors Formed by Coating or Laminating".)
166, Wells,
60, and 61 for electrical heaters located and used in wells.
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators,
3.2+, for anti-inductive electrical conductors; subclasses 17+ and 50+ for boxes and housings limited by claimed structure to electrical use and not otherwise classifiable; subclasses 68.1+ for conduits, cables and conductors generally; and subclass 138 for insulators which may be used with resistors. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (10), "Conduits, Cables, and Conductors With Resistive Material," and (14) "Resistance Components And Subcombinations," above.)
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators,
74+, for conduits, cables, or conductors together with the end structure at one end of the conduit, cable, or conductor, no significant resistor structure being claimed; subclasses 102+, 110+ and 126.1+ for cables and conductors whose conducting part may be claimed as resistive; and subclass 138 for insulators of special application such as those around or through which resistance wire may be led, the wire not being claimed. The combination of the end structure at both ends of the conduit cable or conductor when the conduit cable or cable is even claimed broadly as a resistor or resistive is not classified in Class 174, but in Class 338. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (3), "Resistance Components and Subcombinations" and (10) "Conduits, Cables, and Conductors With Resistive Material," above. )
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, for conduits, cables, and conductors where the conducting part is a resistor or a helical resistor. Such claimed terms as resistance, resistance element, helical resistance, coil resistance, or a terminal at one end of a sheathed resistor do not preclude classification in Class 174. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (10) "Conduits, Cables, and Conductors With Resistive Material, " above.)
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators,
138, for insulators of special application; also for supporting a resistance wire at one point thereon, this wire being strung in space in the manner of an aerial conductor. See also the Search Notes under subclass 138. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (14), "Resistance Components and Subcombinations")
174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators,
74+, for conduits, cables or conductors with a nominally resistive or helically resistive element together with end structure. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (10) "Conduits, Cables, and Conductors With Resistive Material," above.)
178, Telegraphy, appropriate subclasses, for telegraph systems including resistors.
180, Motor Vehicles,
77, for motor vehicles including electric controlling devices which may be resistors.
188, Brakes,
86, for fluid and mechanical internal resistance brakes including dashpots.
191, Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles,
45+, for electrical collectors carried by a vehicle or other moving body, and subclasses 53, 56 and 63+ for trolley collectors involving rolling contractors. 200, Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, especially
52+, for switches of special application; subclasses 81+ for fluid pressure operated switches; subclasses 113+ for thermal current operated type switches; and subclass 144 for arc preventing and extinguishing switches which may use a resistor. ( See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With Or Incorporated In Other Devices," above.)
200, Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers,
144, for arc preventing or extinguishing switches including resistors. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices," above.)
211, Supports: Racks, appropriate subclasses, for supports
for a plurality of resistors.
216, Etching a Substrate: Processes,
16, for the manufacturing of a resistive element using etching.
219, Electric Heating,
50+, for metal heating with a resistor and subclasses 19+ for electrical heaters. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (7), "Electrical Resistance Heaters," above, for the lines between Class 219 and 338.)
220, Receptacles,
2.1+, for envelopes used with electric lamps or similar devices; subclasses 3.2+ for outlet or junction box type enclosures; and subclasses 24+ for metallic closures generally. 236, Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation, appropriate subclasses, for automatic temperature controls which may include resistors, especially the subclasses found under THERMOSTATIC.
242, Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,
600+, and 118+ for a spool upon which a resistor may be wound, usually for temporary storage, and subclasses 430+ for the method and apparatus, respectively, of winding a resistor coil to form a composite article. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (5), "Methods Of and Apparatus for Making Resistors, above.")
245, Wire Fabrics and Structure,
2+, for wire fabrics which may be of resistance material.
248, Supports, especially
49+, provides for resistive cable supports and 200+ for supports and brackets which may be used with resistors, or for the combination of a nominal resistor with support details. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (14), "Resistance Components and Subcombinations")
250, Radiant Energy,
200+, for photo-cell circuits and apparatus.
250, Radiant Energy, appropriate subclasses, for ray energy systems including resistors. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated In Other Devices, " above.)
252, Compositions, 500+, for electrically conductive or emissive compositions, which may be resistive; subclass 567 for a web or sheet impregnated with a fluent dielectric; and subclasses 570+ for a fluent dielectric composition, per se.
252, Compositions,
62.2, for electrolytes for electrical devices; subclasses 500+ for resistive compositions. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (3), "Resistance Components and Subcombinations," above.)
257, Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-State Diodes, for numerous different types of active solid-state devices, e.g., semiconductor, devices or components whose electrical resistance varies nonlinearly due to the movement of charge carriers - electrons or holes - which undergo energy level changes within the material. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, above, and also see in Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (12), " Semiconductors, " above.)
307, Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems,
89+, for anti-inductive means to prevent or reduce the coupling between electrical systems; and subclasses 112+ for switching systems which may include a resistor and switch combination.
307, Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems, appropriate subclasses, for electrical transmission or interconnection systems not elsewhere classified including resistors. (See alLines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices, " above.)
310, Electrical Generator or Motor Structure,
219+, for rotor type current collectors for dynamoelectric devices.
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, for electric lamp and discharge devices utilizing an envelope enclosing a vacuum or gaseous space; especially
14, for pyro-electric temperature modifier type devices; and subclasses 341+ for filaments or resistance heated electrodes.
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, for electric space discharge devices which may exhibit a resistance characteristic between terminals. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, above.) 313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, appropriate subclasses, for electric lamps and discharge devices
including resistance heating or heated filaments. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices.")
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, for electric lamp and discharge device systems which may include a resistor as an element of the system; and especially
3, 3.6 and 8-31, for cathode ray tube circuits including resistors; and subclasses 32+ for a discharge device load with a resistor.
315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, especially
3, 3.6 and 8-31, for cathode-ray tube circuits including resistors; and subclasses 32+ for a discharge device load with a resistor. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices," above.)
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, appropriate subclasses, for electrical motive power systems including the combination of a electric motor controlled by a resistor. See
116, of Class 338 for a mechanically variable resistor actuated by an electric motor.
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, appropriate subclasses, for electric motor control systems including an electric motor controlled by a resistor. See
116, of this class (338) for a mechanically variable resistor actuated by an electric motor. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices," above.)
322, Electricity: Single Generator Systems,
80+, for single generators with a resistance control. 323, Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems, for regulation systems including a plurality of resistors. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (1) "Plural Resistors As Defined in the Class Definition'')
322, Electricity: Single Generator Systems, especially
80+, and 97+, for single electric generator systems including resistance control. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices," above.)
323, Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems,
293+, for regulation systems including resistors. This class
also provides for the combinations of resistors and inductors and/or condensers in voltage regulation systems.
323, Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems,
293+, 352+ and 365+ for regulation systems including resistors. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (1), "Plural Resistors As Defined In The Class Definition," and (2), "Resistors Combined With Or Incorporated In Other Devices.")
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for methods of or apparatus for measuring and testing resistors.
62+, for measuring or testing involving determining the resistance or conductivity of the resistor. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (6), "Measuring and Testing Resistors.")
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses, for electrical measuring and testing devices including resistors. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, 2, "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices")
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 160+, for time and/or speed measuring devices. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (13), "Measuring and Testing Devices With Variable Resistors," above.)
327, Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, appropriate subclasses for miscellaneous circuits which may utilize a resistor or resistor network.
327, Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, appropriate subclasses for miscellaneous circuits which may utilize a resistor or resistor network. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices, " above.)
329, Demodulators,
371, for coherer type amplitude demodulator.
330, Amplifiers,
61, for carbon microphone type amplifiers.
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, for negative resistors of the active element type. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, above.)
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, for wave transmission lines and networks including resistors. This
class also provides for the combination of resistors and inductors and/or capacitors in such wave transmission lines and networks. See
22, for dissipating terminations for long lines; subclass 80 for negative resistance networks of the active element type; and subclass 81 for attenuators. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (1), "Plural Resistors as Defined in The Class Definition.")
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, provides in 22, for dissipating terminations for long lines; subclass 23, for artificial lines; subclass 80, for negative resistance networks of the active element type; and subclasses 82+, for resonators of the distributed parameter type. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (4), "Devices Simulating Resistors.")
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, appropriate subclasses, for wave transmission lines and networks including resistors. This class also provides for the combination of resistors and inductors and/or capacitors in such wave transmission lines and networks. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices, " above.)
336, Inductor Devices, appropriate subclasses, for inductor devices.
340, Communications: Electrical, for electrical communication systems; and especially
500+, for communication systems automatically responsive to a condition.
340, Communications: Electrical, appropriate subclasses, for electrical signaling and alarm systems including resistors. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices, " above.)
343, Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, appropriate subclasses, for radiant energy communication systems including antennas combined with or including resistors.
361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,
1+, for safety and protection systems; subclasses 117+ for high voltage dissipators such as lightning arrestors systems, per se, and 271+ for capacitors.
361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,
627+, and 641+ for distribution panel board, control panel board, or electric service distribution box, including resistors. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This
Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices," above.) 362, Illumination, appropriate subclasses for illuminating devices which may include a resistor as an element thereof together with illumination structure.
363, Electric Power Conversion Systems, for electricity conversion systems; especially
15+, for systems converting electricity to heat to electricity; and subclasses 140+ for impedance type current converters.
363, Electric Power Conversion Systems, appropriate subclasses, for electrical conversion systems including resistors. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices, " above.)
369, Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval,
152, for a resistive phonograph pickup.
373, Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces,
128+, for resistance elements and mountings for the same when peculiar to or combined with electric furnaces structure or controls for electric furnace.
373, Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces,
109+, for electric furnaces combined with the heating resistors, as a resistor with the furnace wall; or includes resistors which are formed to constitute at least part of a furnace, as being hollow to form a muffle or being recessed to form a crucible; or includes resistors which are peculiar to an electric furnace, as having the shape of the furnace, such shape having no significance elsewhere. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated In Other Devices" and (8), "Resistance Furnaces," above.)
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing,
183+, for thermometers having a current modifying sensor. (Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (13) "Measuring and Testing Devices With Variable Resistors") 374, Thermal Measuring and Testing,
163+, for a thermometer with an electrical sensor, particularly subclass 185 which includes detailed features of a resistive sensor in such a thermometer. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated in Other Devices," above.)
381, Electrical Audio Signal Processing Systems and Devices, for resistors specific to telephone use, including those of the microphone, its electrodes, and granules. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, above.)
381, Electrical Audio Signal Processing Systems and Devices,
179+, for resistors specific to telephone use, including those of the microphone, its electrodes, and granules. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (1), Plural Resistors as Defined in The Class Definition.)
427, Coating Processes,
58+, for coating processes, per se, wherein an electrical product is produced.
427, Coating Processes,
58+, for coating processes, per se, wherein an electrical product is produced. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (3), "Resistance Components and Subcombinations," and (9) "Resistors Formed By Coating Or Laminating.")
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, for a stock material product in the form of a single or plural layer web or sheet, which may embody a layer of material resistant to the flow of electrical current, and especially
416, 418, 432+, 444, 450, and 457+ for a nonstructural composite web or sheet embodying a layer of metal next to a layer of nonmetal material. 428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, for a plural layer stock material product, note
411, for a plural layer material, one layer being of resistive material, or one layer being resistive and one or more layers being conductive, so as to constitute one or more terminals; see especially subclasses 457+. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (3), "Resistance Components and Subcombinations.")
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for a plurality of layers of laminated or coated material, one layer being a resistance element and the other layer or layers being terminals, no particular structure being recited, but usually only particular materials, even though the terminals and resistance elements are claimed by such names. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (9), "Resistors Formed By Coating Or Laminating.")
439, Electrical Connectors, especially
241, 275 and 276, for electrical connectors and leads
thereto, which leads may be nominally resistive. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (11), "Electrical Connectors With Resistive Conductors," above.)
439, Electrical Connectors, appropriate subclasses, for resistance terminals, or the combination of a terminal and nominally recited resistance element. The combination of a resistance element broadly recited together with terminals at each end is classified in Class 338, especially
322+,. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (3), "Resistance Components and Subcombinations," above.)
442, Fabric (Woven, Knitted, or Nonwoven Textile or Cloth, etc.),
59+, for a coated or impregnated fabric.
451, Abrading,
28+, for an abrading process which may be involved in making an electrical resistor. 454, Ventilation, appropriate subclasses, for ventilating structure such as cowls, hoods and louvers which may be used to ventilate a resistor.
455, Telecommunications,
120+, and 150.1+ for radio transmitter and receiver tuners wherein the tuning element may be somewhat analogous to resistors.
455, Telecommunications, appropriate subclasses for radio equipment having resistors. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, (2), "Resistors Combined With or Incorporated In Other Devices, " above.)
GLOSSARY:
BASE
Unless otherwise indicated an element along which the resistance element extends to impart a rigidity or reinforcement to the resistance element not otherwise present.
CONDUCTOR
A body which is essentially a carrier of electric current with a minimum of loss as by heating.
ELEMENT
Resistance element unless otherwise indicated.
INSULATOR
A body of such low conductivity that the flow of current therethrough can usually be neglected.
NEGATIVE RESISTOR
A resistor wherein the derivative of the voltage across the resistor with respect to the current passing through is negative over a portion of the current range.
RESISTANCE
The property of a mass of material to impede the flow of a steady or fluctuating current passing through the mass by conversion of electrical energy into heat.
RESISTANCE ELEMENT
The part of the resistor which actually possesses the resistance characteristic, and which may be a homogeneous mass of material having a resistance characteristic.
RESISTANCE TERMINAL
Ordinarily one of the spaced conductors in physical contact with the resistance element, and being appreciably more conductive (less resistive) than the resistance element. The terminals are for the purpose of connecting the resistance element in an external electric circuit. Since all resistors must include terminals in the sense that some structure is necessary to permit energization of the resistance element, the term "terminal" is sufficiently broad to include one of the free ends of the resistance element.
RESISTOR
An apparatus or device exhibiting only and significantly a resistance characteristic as above defined to the current flowing therethrough, the inductive or capacitive effects being negligible. A resistor includes essentially a resistance element and spaced terminals. SEMICONDUCTOR
A body of solid material whose conductivity is considerably more than insulators, yet considerably less than metals.
TERMINAL
One of the resistance terminals unless otherwise indicated.