The retorts are vertical, and the air and/or gas for combustion is heated by the waste products of combustion through single surface heaters.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
15+, for a carbonizing process including burning a product of the carbonizing step and recovering heat from a product by indirect heat exchange and subclass 37, for a process in which externally produced combustion gases are passed through the retort.